西非木琴Balafon它和马林巴Marimba是什么关系？
<p>随着西非曼丁音乐的普及，Balafon在越来越多的地方出现。在它出现的地方，最常被问起 “ 它和马林巴Marimba是什么关系？”。</p><br/>
<p>这次，我们尝试循着木琴发展的线索，探索Balafon和马林巴的关系。</p><br/>
<p>本文所关注的“木琴”，更具体地说是木质键盘式打击乐器，指由木质平行音板组成、且通过敲击音板进行演奏的乐器。</p><br/>
<p> 二者同属木琴家族</p><br/>
<p>开始溯源之旅前，先来看看Balafon和马林巴的基本介绍吧！</p><br/>
<p>西非木琴Balafon，来自西非洲的古老乐器代表之一，最早关于Balafon的记录可以追溯到13世纪的马里帝国。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>摄于2014年，年轻的balafon演奏家 Epina 正在家中演奏</p><br/>
<p>一台传统Balafon，通常手工制作木头键盘，使用葫芦作为共鸣器。代表性的特征是每个葫芦上都开有孔洞，洞上有膜（传说中用蜘蛛卵囊制成）以产生乐器特有的颤音。用特殊的植物纤维缠绕做成的槌子，常见五音或七音琴。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>摄于2016年，Epina家族的制琴师正在为balafon的葫芦贴膜</p><br/>
<p>马林巴Marimba，狭义上指管弦乐团马林巴，旋律型打击乐器代表之一。通常认为第一台现代意义上的马林巴是20世纪初，美国木琴制造商将欧洲木琴与中美洲马林巴二者的元素结合，设计生产而成。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>屏幕前的你大概率听过马林巴的琴音----苹果手机的经典铃声</p><br/>
<p>一台现代马林巴，通常由木头制成的音板悬架于（常见金属的）共鸣管上而成，用一种橡胶或塑料槌芯、外裹线的琴槌演奏，有着钢琴一样的键盘排列，音域宽广，音色浑厚圆润。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>小结</p><br/>
<p>从结构可以看出，Balafon和马林巴都是由发音的木条和共鸣器组成，广义上它们都是木琴。</p><br/>
<p>
</p><br/>
<p>葫芦共鸣+键盘：</p><br/>
<p>早期马林巴与Balafon的相通之处</p><br/>
<p>16世纪以来，马林巴从“葫芦共鸣“的早期形态一跃而成“能古典能爵士能工业化生产”的现代形态，期间发生了什么？变化过程有迹可循、变化之大令人感叹，一起来看看吧！</p><br/>
<p>管弦乐团马林巴最近一步的前身，中外学界公认回溯到中美洲（主要是危地马拉）马林巴。</p><br/>
<p>中美洲最早关于马林巴的记载出现在15-16世纪旧属危地马拉王国的高地上（现属墨西哥Chiapas州）。 乐器形态类似于非洲的木琴----“矩形的木制音板挂于框架中，悬于充当共鸣器的葫芦之上。” </p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>危地马拉高地的葫芦马林巴，图片来自wikipedia</p><br/>
<p>危地马拉所见的葫芦马林巴，共鸣葫芦通常呈细长条状，与西非木琴常见的单瓢圆葫芦不同。但相同的是，葫芦上开有孔洞，洞上覆膜以增加低音区的音量。通常用由牛肠或猪肠制成这种振动膜，在当地语言中这个结构被称作“嚓哩欧”（Charleo）。</p><br/>
<p>有说法称以上差异是因为地域的区别，就地取材导致的形态改变，乐器原理相同。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>危地马拉的葫芦马林巴共鸣腔 ，图片来自日本滨松乐器博物馆</p><br/>
<p>最初，葫芦马林巴主要出现在危地马拉高地上玛雅基切族（Mayan Quiche）印第安土著的宗教仪式和民俗社交舞会中。这个阶段马林巴的使用还停留在地方上，并不被主流人群认同，被当作是“下等人的音乐”。</p><br/>
<p>玛雅文明：美洲印第安文明的杰出代表，经历极盛后的玛雅文明在公元10世纪初期突然神秘衰落。16世纪时，玛雅文化最后的传承者阿兹特克帝国被西班牙帝国消灭。</p><br/>
<p>危地马拉，曾是玛雅文化中心之一。1524年，危地马拉沦为西班牙殖民地。同时期，罪恶的三角贸易开启，大量黑人被贩卖到美洲，充当奴隶的同时，也间接融入了当地生活。到了1821年，危地马拉宣布独立，摆脱殖民统治。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>单排键的箱式马林巴形制----根据上述葫芦共鸣腔的形状，不难想象这个别致的共鸣管设计。</p><br/>
<p>19世纪初，宣布独立的危地马拉新生政府为了实现统治目的，有意推动了印第安土著乐器及仪式文化与以天主教为代表的新文化融合，将两者的祭祀仪式和象征混用。</p><br/>
<p>例如，为了吸引村民去教会，传教者对印第安文化的各种要素进行融合，以音乐、舞蹈、戏剧等形式呈现。其中，马林巴作为印第安土著的代表声起到重要作用，吸收了世俗小曲的养分，马林巴逐渐流行了起来。</p><br/>
<p>早期马林巴常见单排键形制。随着改编世俗曲目之风的流行，演奏者们对音高有了更丰富的需求，在键盘的一端滴蜡调音的方法在当时很常见。</p><br/>
<p>危地马拉的音乐家们对马林巴进行了一系列改良。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>当时危地马拉流行的马林巴乐队编制：三至四人共同演奏的马林巴，外加一个鼓套件或其他打击乐器和一个低音提琴。</p><br/>
<p>19 世纪下半叶，箱式马林巴出现了，这种马林巴用木质共鸣器取代了受环境影响大，稳定性较弱的葫芦共鸣器。</p><br/>
<p>有趣的是，发展过程中还诞生过一种单排键半音马林巴。该琴有单独可负责升降音高的键盘，但其变化音音板正好位于相对应的自然音音板之后，不是像现代马林巴一样互相交错排列。</p><br/>
<p>19世纪末至20世纪初，类似钢琴排列的双键盘形制马林巴才被发明出来。</p><br/>
<p>随着音质稳定性的提升和音域的扩展，马林巴适应了更多当时的流行音乐和古典音乐作品的改编演奏，吸引了越来越多职业音乐家。这一“下里巴人的乐器”才逐渐得到了主流古典音乐爱好者们的认可。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>危地马拉马林巴乐队代表性人物Sebastian Hurtado和他演奏的双键盘形制马林巴。</p><br/>
<p> 于此同时，马林巴乐队开始风靡危地马拉，并且乐队的足迹不再局限于中美，他们的巡演去到了北美、欧洲多地，收获热烈的反响，进一步推动了马林巴的发展。乐手们用音乐证明了马林巴完全可以和交响乐团、军乐队、爵士乐队等共存。</p><br/>
<p>从时间线上来看，一战（19014-1918）和二战（1939-1945）可以作为同时期的历史大事件参照。二战前马林巴的经典曲目一直很少， 二战后才开始逐渐受到重视。在 1985 年至 2000 年中，马林巴的曲目量大幅度增加，产生了很多革命性的演奏技法。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>马林巴木琴(Xylo-rimba)，名称中的 “林巴”(rimba)指的是该乐器的马林巴（Marimba）低音区，“木琴”(xylo)指的是木琴（Xylophone）高音区。</p><br/>
<p>20世纪初，走出了国门的马林巴进一步在改良路上做出融合升级。美国木琴制造商迪根(J.C.Deagan)结合了欧洲木琴Xylophone和中美洲马林巴Marimba，推出的一台名为马林巴木琴Xylo-rimba的混合乐器，被公认为世界上第一台现代意义上的马林巴。</p><br/>
<p>随着金属共鸣管的改良和泛音调节法等的发明，马林巴的形制和调律方式等得到了进一步规范，马林巴才彻底升级为现代意义上的管弦乐团马林巴。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>上图左：木琴Xylophone ，右：马林巴Marimba。</p><br/>
<p>冷知识：在现代管弦乐团千万别说！“马林巴，就是个木琴嘛！”。 木琴（xylophone）和 马林巴（marimba）在这里被严格区分，它们使用不同的调律方法，有着不同的声音质感，起到不同的音乐作用。</p><br/>
<p>小结</p><br/>
<p>从与Balafon类似的葫芦共鸣形制开始，马林巴在近代顺应了民俗、时代、地域的变化，经历了一系列改良，展现出了一条有趣的现代乐器发展历程。</p><br/>
<p>
</p><br/>
<p>葫芦马林巴来自非洲吗？</p><br/>
<p>关于马林巴起源的几种推测</p><br/>
<p>时间推回到16世纪：相似的木质键盘和葫芦共鸣器组成了西非的Balafon和美洲的马林巴，这究竟是巧合？还是二者大有渊源所在？通过对比目前学界对马林巴起源的三大推论，我们来进一步探究。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>剪不断理还乱的木琴家族传播地图：回溯木琴发展史，可以明确的是，世界上的五个大洲都有着木琴家族古老的足迹。远古人类的迁徙和近代的文化交流带来物质的交换，历史的作用下，必然叠加着各种偶然。木琴在世界上可能的传播路径，音乐学者/人类学者们众说纷纭。</p><br/>
<p>推论一：</p><br/>
<p>非洲起源说</p><br/>
<p>非洲大陆是众多璀璨文化的发源地，在非洲大陆的许多地方（甚至是看似与其他文化没有交集的地方）确实分散存在着马林巴及其古老的形态，这使得非洲起源人气高涨。</p><br/>
<p>这种“发音的木条”和“葫芦”组成的乐器，随着地域和语言的不同有着不同的名字。在西非，常见Balafon，Balo，Gyil等；在非洲中部和东南地区，马林巴Marimba是常见的概括式称谓，不同民族还有更多使用当地语言的叫法，例如Silimba，Timbira等。 </p><br/>
<p>从词源上，与中美洲马林巴体现出共通性。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>滑动查看更多图片</p><br/>
<p>以上图片来源于木木之家几内亚拍摄，日本滨松乐器博物馆，维基百科。</p><br/>
<p>从乐器发源条件、发展进程的角度进行可能性推测，非洲大陆具备将木琴从原始形态发展至葫芦共鸣形制的条件与事实，并且存在着不同发展状态的乐器形制以支持推论。</p><br/>
<p>音乐学家萨克斯·库克对非洲木琴的起源发展做出了以下推论：</p><br/>
<p>
</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>滑动查看更多图片</p><br/>
<p>手绘图片来源：《世界乐器图解百科全书》 2002版 ，实物配图来自日本滨松乐器博物馆非洲乐器部分。</p><br/>
<p>从乐器传播路径的角度进行推测，虽然对于非洲的马林巴被带到美洲的实际过程，没有确切记载能够说明事件及时间线，但三角贸易的存在为传播路径的可能性提供了值得推敲的空间。</p><br/>
<p>随着三角贸易的开启，大量黑奴被贩卖到欧洲/美洲，充当资本的苦力的同时，他们也在黑暗中经营自己的生活。支持非洲起源的学者们主要有两种观点：一是黑奴在迁移过程中带上了心爱的乐器，二是被贩卖到新大陆地区的黑奴们因地制宜将家乡的乐器重新制造。</p><br/>
<p>航线的开启，也加大了世界的交流，来自欧美的旅行家、商人及官员们也可能踏上非洲大陆，意外带动乐器的传播。</p><br/>
<p></p><br/>
<p>罪恶的三角贸易带来的影响，可能离你很近！</p><br/>
<p>危地马拉人种音乐学家莱斯特·戈迪内斯（Lester Godinez）甚至提出过一种西非起源的可能性，他的描述是：将木键组合在一起形成旋律乐器的想法最初是由黑人奴隶们带到危地马拉的，他们重新创造了一种叫做“Balafon”五音非洲乐器。</p><br/>
<p>来自几内亚音乐史官Groit家族的Balafon演奏家Epina Bangoura则向我们口述了他眼中的历史：“欧洲人从非洲带走了balafon，最终变成了马林巴。”</p><br/>
<p>推论二：</p><br/>
<p>中美（危地马拉）起源说</p><br/>
<p>在世界各地许多地方都能找到制作木琴的材料、满足制作这一乐器最基本的技术 ，中美洲也不例外。因此，也有一部分学者认为马林巴有可能是中美洲文化自古独自发明发展出来的。</p><br/>
<p>在中美洲的许多国家，都有着璀璨的马林巴音乐文化：（图片来源于网络）</p><br/>
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<p>滑动查看更多图片</p><br/>
<p>在遥远的中美洲高地，印第安人在宗教仪式和日常社交中使用马林巴，当地的土著语言中也存在不少对马林巴的描述，这使得马林巴的古老性得到支持。并且，受殖民影响更大的几个地区一开始反而没有马林巴的文化，这使得中美起源论更加引人思考。</p><br/>
<p>
</p><br/>
<p>但是，美洲高地上对于马林巴的记录（包括上述描述马林巴的土著语言记录）大都出现在17-18世纪西班牙殖民者入侵后，并且最早记录的原始马林巴形制与分散在非洲的众多木琴形制基本一致。</p><br/>
<p>另外，古老的印第安玛雅文明在此之前就有了很多关于乐器、宗教仪式等的记录，不少流传至今且仍旧能够找到乐器的现代形式与原形，而其中没有马林巴的相关记载。</p><br/>
<p>不过，危地马拉人的发明才能在现代马林巴的发展史上占据了重要一环毋庸置疑，马林巴在现代危地马拉人的生活中早已不可分割。尽管起源众说纷纭，但人们普遍认为“马林巴可能不是出生于危地马拉，但毫无疑问是危地马拉的乐器。”</p><br/>
<p>推论三：</p><br/>
<p>亚洲起源说</p><br/>
<p>民族音乐学家布鲁诺提出，大约一千五百年前，有一群南岛语系的人带着乐器迁移到了非洲，具体地点可能是马达加斯加，这说明了木琴的亚洲起源。</p><br/>
<p>位于非洲的马达加斯加，却有着属于南岛语系的部落语言，而且有学者发现印度尼西亚木制键盘打击乐器与非洲木制键盘打击乐器在调律方面有一些相同之处。另外，东非木制键盘琴乐队与爪哇、巴厘岛的加美兰乐队形制同样有相似之处。</p><br/>
<p>音乐学家萨克斯基于“乐器地理法”，提出木质键盘乐器原本来自印度东部及东南部岛屿和半岛，后经太平洋岛屿，向西最终传播到了非洲，其他方向也传播到了以及世界其他地区。</p><br/>
<p>他分析亚洲的演奏风格与非洲，尤其是非洲班图人的演奏风格有相似之处。通过跨越印度洋、 穿过赞比亚河谷，他猜测班图人与东南亚人有过交流，而且受到了东南亚人的影响。</p><br/>
<p>亚洲多地同样存在着丰富的木琴及其类似形制乐器文化。（图片来源于网络）</p><br/>
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" stroked="f"><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"><wrap type="none"></wrap></lock></rect></p><br/>
<p>滑动查看更多图片集</p><br/>
<p>不过，亚洲起源论由于时代久远，没有实际具体的记录支持。亚洲所能见到的木琴形制也并不是葫芦共鸣，直接影响难以追溯。</p><br/>
<p>小结</p><br/>
<p>木琴的原始性和古老性毋庸置疑，在世界的五个大洲发展的众多时期，分散存在着多种木琴形制。这其中，虽然有几种类型被认为是该乐器进化的一个过程，但是也无法排除它们是分别在各自的地方被发明的。</p><br/>
<p>一定类型的存在并不一定意味着在那个地方使用了之前的类型，也不一定是进化到下一种类型的一个过程。也有人认为，这是因为人的精神需求在任何地方都大致相同的缘故。也就是说，有同样的必要性，有同样的资源，并且文化水平大致相同的两个不同的民族，考虑出同样的解决方式或者发明同样的东西，这也很有可能。</p><br/>
<p>纵观马林巴的发展史，远古的亚洲/非洲键盘式打击乐器潜移默化的影响，欧洲木琴制式进化带来的影响，中美洲音乐家们为马林巴融入现代社会的创造性改造，以及北美（美国）乐器公司的决定性设计制造，这一环接一环，最终诞生了现代马林巴，它是人类智慧的结晶！</p><br/>
<p> 木木之家提出推论！</p><br/>
<p>有没有这样一种可能？</p><br/>
<p>近百年来，中美洲许多国家的人类学者、音乐学者甚至政府力量，多方共同推进马林巴起源的研究，但仍旧没有得出决定性的答案。</p><br/>
<p>我们尝试串联起前述的非洲起源说和美洲起源说，借助推测和相关史实填补时间线空白处，提出推论：Balafon可能是现代马林巴的老祖宗！</p><br/>
<p>论证如下
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